Martin & Colbert Study Guide

Martin & Colbert - Parenting: A Lifespan Perspective Ch. 1

101. Describe the child-development position (one of) of the following people:

To Rousseau, children were inherently good, and for that reason they should be permitted to grow naturally, with little parental supervision.

John Locke proposed the "blank tablet" or tabula rasa view. To him, childhood experiences are important in determining adult's characteristics. He proposed that parents should spend time with their children to help them become contributing members of society (Santrock p. 07). (Ana Block).

102. What does the term "Developmental History" mean, and how does it apply to a parent?

Developmental History includes the development that a parent received in childhood including the things they learned along the way to parenthood. It applies to the parent because it has an impact of how they will raise their own child. Intergenerational transmission of parenting is where the parents bases his/her parenting style to how they were raised. This also works for the opposite, meaning that a parent may have learned from their parent how not to raise children.

Martin & Colbert - Parenting: A Lifespan Perspective Ch. 2

201. Describe Baumrind's "authoritative" parenting. Describe Baumrind's "authoritarian" parenting. Describe Baumrind's "permissive" parenting. (39-41)

Authoritarian: Parents who are high in control and low in warmth. Parents with absolute set of standards and expect obedience without any questions or comments. Children who receive this type of parenting tend to be moody, unhappy, fearful, withdraw, not spontaneous, and irritable.

Permissive: Parents who are high in warmth but low in control. These parents are generally no controlling and no threatening, and therefore allow children to regulate their own behavior.

Authoritative: Parents who know how to dose between being high in warmth and high in control. This parenting standard

is reasonable and positive for child development (Martin & Colbert p. 40).(Ana Block).

how to dose

202. List and describe 3 theories of child development. (27-35) (these theories could be on the test as "Briefly explain the concept behind FAMILY SYSTEM theory."

1) Family Systems Theory – The family is a system and should be viewed whole. Influences within the family are multi-dimensional where parents influence children, and children influence parents, parents influence each other, and where children influence each other. Family systems exhibit mutual influence and adaptability. It is a framework for understanding the complexity of relationships

2) Biological theories - suggest that children inherit attributes and behavioral dispositions from their parents.

a) Ethology and Behavior Genetics. Ethology examines the broad range biological factors (i.e. attachment). Critical periods of development are also emphasized.

b) Behavior genetics looks at specific groups of genes which make us different from one another. Studies of twins and siblings are conducted to separate biological and environmental inputs to individual differences.

3) Cognitive Theories – Study the process of intellectual development. Piaget and Vygotsky are two pioneers of which Piaget has his Cognitive Development Theory and Vygotsky had his Dialectical Theory, which focused on the relationship between thought and language..

203. List and describe two forms OF INADEQUATE DISCIPLINE PRACTICES. (43-44)

Inconsistent discipline: Occur when in an individual parent when she or he has an standard for child behavior but then gives in to child's demands or doesn't follow through with consequences. For example, when the child exhibits the one same behavior and yields a parental laugh one time and a spanking the next.

Irritable explosive discipline: It is characterized by long harsh episodes of loud, high intensity strategies such as hitting and yelling, which are accompanied by escalating problems (Martin & Colbert p.43).(Ana Block).

Martin & Colbert - Ch. 3

301. What is ACCULTURATION? (47)

Acculturation is the process of changing beliefs and behaviors as a result of being exposed to another culture.

302. Briefly discuss two issues faced by people in INTERRACIAL ADOPTION. (50)

1) Parents must be aware of their own prejudices – if they aren’t aware of their prejudices they can see their child as a victim and that they are saving the child. A child should never feel as though they owe the parents.

2) Some family members may not be supportive of having minorities in their family.

3) Parents must tolerate all racial differences, not just those of their child’s race. Racial slurs send a poor message to the child

303. Describe 2 ways African-American families and/or parenting practices may differ from other cultural groups. (51-55)

African-American families focus more on interactions with people and not objects. Males and females are taught to express themselves. African-American parenting practices tend to be more restrictive and shows signs of immediate obedience. African-American children are given less leeway for misbehavior. K.JACKSON

304. Describe 2 ways Latino families and/or parenting practices may differ from other cultural groups. (55-58)

In Latin-American families parents may indulge and placate young children rather than push for independence. As children grow older, obedience, respect, and taking on household chores become more important. Emphasis on obedience as a child gets older may lead to a more authoritarian style. K.JACKSON

305. Describe 2 ways Asian-American families and/or parenting practices may differ from other cultural groups. (58-60)

In Asian-American families if there is an argument between siblings the parents respond by scolding the older sibling for not setting a good example and scold the younger sibling for failing to respect the older sibling. Children are given less choices as compared to other cultures. The parents make the decisions for the child. Children may also be taught to suppress negative emotions and aggressive behaviors. K.JACKSON

306. Describe 2 ways Native-American families and/or parenting practices may differ from other cultural groups. (60-62)

Native-American parents envision their roles in their child's life as supporting rather than enforcing development. There is more of a tendency to let children learn from the consequences of the actions, rather than parental nagging. K.JACKSON

307. Discuss two issues faced by gay/lesbian parents. (62-66)

Some gay parents may not reveal their sexual identity to family and friends in fear of societal prejudice. Pretending to be heterosexual can be very stressful. Another concern is that children of gay/lesbian parents may be teased because their family’s lifestyle is not accepted. Parents should consider when to discuss this with their child because if it is too early it could affect their self esteem. K.JACKSON

Martin & Colbert - Ch. 4

401. Describe one benefit of having children before age 30.

Answer: One benefit for younger parents is that they are more flexible in their schedules and traditionally have high levels of energy to deal with their children. (Chuck Johnson)

402. List three first trimester signs of pregnancy.

Answer: During the first trimester women experience morning sickness, the need for frequent naps, and reduced energy levels.(Chuck Johnson)

403. What are TERATOGENS? Give an example.

Answer: A teratogens is any drug, chemical, pollutant, physical agent, or material physical state that can affect the normal development during the prenatal period. An example of a teratogen is any illicit drug, to include alcohol and tobacco.(Chuck Johnson)

404. List and describe two medical tests of fetal health.

Answer: The two most common fetal health tests are the sonogram or ultrasound and the amniocentesis. The ultrasound uses sound waves to check on many of the many of the critical life signs of the fetus, such as size, brain activity, heart beat and multiple fetuses. The amniocentesis extracts amniotic fluid to check on chromosomal abnormalities, such as spina bifida and Down's syndrome. (Chuck Johnson)

405. Describe 3 ways to improve health in pregnancy.

Answer: An expecting mother should get plenty of exercise, rest, take prenatal vitamins, eat healthy and visit her OBGYN and dentist as directed. (Chuck Johnson)

406. List and describe 3 ways to deal with pain in childbirth.

The three ways that expecting mothers can deal with pain at childbirth are; tranquilizers, analgesics and anesthetics. Tranquilizers are used to make people relax, but can interfere with the baby's temperature and vitals. The analgesics provide pain relief without total loss and feeling. Finally, the anesthetics are drugs that deaden feeling or sensation. The most common type of this pain relief is the epidural.

407. List and describe 2 postpartum emotional disorders. (91-92)

Postpartum blues (or baby blues) is a mild form of depression in which new mothers feel tiredness, confusion, restlessness and anxiety.

Postpartum psychosis is a severe form of depression that results in mental illness. (Norbertha)

408. Describe 3 problems/adjustments faced by new parents. (92-97)

Balancing parenthood, marriage and career is often difficult for parents. Parents learn to deal with this problem through patience, and being flexible.

Lack of preparation:- Not having prior knowledge or education about being a parent makes it difficult for new parents.

Difference in opinions cause friction in the relationship. (Norbertha)

409. What is FATHERHOOD CLICK? (99)

It is a parenting style in which fathers learn actively nurture their children with hands on fathering attention. When basic skills are learned , fatherhood becomes a fully realized developmental experience and "clicks " into place (Martin & Colbert p. 99). (Ana Block).

410. Describe 2 of the problems associated with infertility. (101-102)

a) It is a costly process and b) may involve an enormous loss of control and privacy for the couple. (Ana Block)

Martin & Colbert - Ch. 5

501. Briefly describe one the SENSORY PREFERENCES of newborns. (113)

Newborns enjoy the sound of the human voice, especially that of their mother. They also perceive shape and color.(ana Block).

502. Describe 3 ways to SOOTHE A CRYING BABY. (115)

a) By movement: Baby swing, rock in rock chair, or a car ride.

b)By touch: Pat the infant's back, or use baby carrier

c)By sound: talk to the baby or play music (Ana Block).

503. Should parents always pick up or comfort a crying baby? Why or why not? (116)

Research suggests that babies of mothers who picked them up soon after they began to cry did less crying by the time they were a year old than babies of mothers who responded to their infants slowly or not at all. (Ana Block)

504. What is COLIC? (116)

Colic is a catch-all term for symptoms such as extreme fussiness, sustained periods of crying, and discomfort (Martin &Colbert p.116). (Ana Block).

505. What is STRANGER ANXIETY? (118)

Stranger anxiety is the fear of people the child doesn't know (Martin & Colbert p.118). (Ana Block).

506. List and describe 2 of Ainsworth's patterns of ATTACHMENT. (118)

a)Securely attached infants use caregivers as secure base for exploration and show interest in unfamiliar people and unfamiliar objects in an unfamiliar setting.

b) Anxious Ambivalent infants tend to be wary of strangers and does not show extend exploration. They are usually upset when separated from their caregivers (Martin & Colbert p.118). (Ana Block).

507. Describe 3 ways to cope with SEPARATION ANXIETY. (120)

1) Say goodbye to the child each time you leave and give assurances of your return

2) Be understanding but firm, and never criticize, mock or tease the child

3) Go out less often if possible. If the decision is made to stay in, it should be the parent that makes the decision, not the behavior of the child

508. List 3 elements of INFANT TEMPERAMENT. (120-123)

****Temperament is the behavioral style of an individual

3 common temperament types - Easy, difficult, and slow to warm. (Ana Block).

9 Categories of Temperament

1) Activity Level

2) Rhythmicity

3) Approach or Withdrawal

4) Adaptability

5) Threshold of responsiveness

6)Intensity of reaction

7)Quality of mood

8) Distractibility

9) Attention span and persistence

509. Describe 3 ways parents can encourage LEARNING in infancy. (125-129)

1) Provide a supportive physical learning environment. Parents do this by eliminating restrictions within the environment

2) Use interesting play materials and toys. Ensure a variety of textures, and colors is used. Toys should be stimulating and allow for interaction. They should be age appropriate and unbreakable

3) Supportive interactions in learning – show interest in what they are playing with and offer help if they indicate they want your help

510. List three ways parents can make their home SAFER for infants. (135)

a) By keeping electrical cords out of reach from kids

b)By protecting outlets

c)By blocking stairs with a safe gate. (Ana Block)

511. Describe 3 components of TOILET TRAINING READINESS. (136-137)

Bladder control:- that is children who are able to stay dry for a longer time, urinating a little at one time, may be ready.

Physical readiness:- children who easily pick up objects with their fingers and manipulate things easily with their hands or bodies.

Instructional readiness:- children who are able to understand things that are taught to them and are socially responsive, may be more ready to toilet train. (Norbertha)

Martin & Colbert - Ch. 6

601. Describe two ways parents can help their children become more PROSOCIAL. (145)

1) Provide explanations of how the child’s actions are related to the distress they may have caused to another child. This can lead to increased compassion.

2) To help build sympathetic behavior parents should verbalize their sympathetic reactions to others. This is especially effective in boys.

602. Describe 3 ways to help children cope with FEAR. (147)

a)By talking to the child and hear about his feelings and offer him comfort & encouragement.

b) Give the child accurate information. For example, that the shot at the doctor's office will hurt. This way the child will learn to what is real and what is pretend.

c)Select and read to the child good books about fear.

d)By being empathetic towards the child, in term of understanding that the fear he/she feels is real to them.

(Ana Block).

603. List 3 GOOD reasons to send a child to preschool. (155)

a) So that the child can gain mastering in basic rules and routine

b) The child will be exposed to books, arts, and play materials.

c) The child can become close to warm, caring adults. (Ana Block).

Martin & Colbert - Ch. 7

701. Describe three ways to ENHANCE SELF-ESTEEM in a child. (166-167)

Parents positively influence the self-esteem of a child by: being supportive and showing unconditional love, mediating comparisons between the child and their peers’ accomplishments, personally modeling the values they want practiced. (Robert Heiman)

702. What is the difference between NEGLECTED PEERS and REJECTED PEERS? (169)

Neglected peers: Children are not disliked, but unlinked. These children often play alone, and are regarded as shy.

Rejected peers: Children are actively disliked. Their behavior is usually negative, with high rates aggression, conflict and distractible/disruptive behavior. (Robert Heiman)

703. Describe 3 ways parents can encourage a child's CREATIVITY or COGNITIVE ABILITIES. (170-171)

#1 Their main limitation put on themselves is their own belief in themselves; i.e. if they believe they can, they can etc.

#2 Teach the child to take responsibility for their own actions/successes/failures.

#3 Teach the child to look at the situation for another child's perspective. (Robert Heiman)

704. Describe three ways to deal with SCHOOL PHOBIA. (175-176)

#1 Reassure the child that you, as the parent, will help them deal with whatever problems come up.

#2 Open communications with the child about the problem, brainstorming solutions.

#3 Solicit help from the child's teacher (Robert Heiman)

705. List three examples that show a child is ready for SELF-CARE. (178)

#1 When the child can operate locks and doors comfortably (don't want the child to lock themselves out of the house)

#2 When the child is can tolerate separation from adults/parents for at least the amount of time they are to be alone.

#3 The child should be able to comfortably solicit help from friends and/or neighbors if anything is needed. (Robert Heiman)

706. List two rules/restrictions parents should have for school-age children when it comes to television and/or video games. (182-183)

#1 Limit the amount of daily TV watched.

#2 Monitor the type and content of the shows watched. (Robert Heiman)

Martin & Colbert Ch. 8

801. List three symptoms of CLINICAL DEPRESSION in adolescents. (195)

1. Feelings of frustration.

2. Confusion.

3. Pessimistic outlook about the future.

Additional:

4. Persistent sad or irritable mood

5. Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed

6. Significant change in appetite or body weight

7. Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping

8. Psychomotor agitation or retardation

9. Loss of energy

10. Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt

11. Difficulty concentrating

12. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Contributors are increasing divorce rates, high mobility and an unpredictable job market. (195)

802. List three signs that an adolescent is considering SUICIDE. (196)

1. A previous suicide attempt.

2. Talk or thoughts of suicide.

3. Changes in personality or mood.

4. Changes in eating or sleeping patterns.

5. Withdrawal

6. Taking unusual risks.

7. Drug abuse.

8. Recent loss.

9. Final arrangements, giving away prized possessions, making peace with friends. (196)

Martin & Colbert Ch. 9

901. List three reasons an adult might return to live with his/her parents. (210)

1. Unemployment.

2. Low salaries.

3. High housing costs.

4. Educational needs.

5. Divorce. (210)

902. List and describe 2 ROLES FOR GRANDPARENTS. (215-216)

1. Family Watchdog-Grandparents are often valiant watchers, trying to ensure that the family system as a whole is maintained. In times of transition or crisis, they respond if and when they are needed. They are a possible avenue for ameliorating the negative impacts of family disruptions? such as divorce or alcoholism. When something goes wrong they are there to step in and help (215).

2. Nurturer-In their role s head of the family, grandfathers are usually seen as nurturing family values and philosophy. They serve as heroes or mentors to the rest of the family. Grandmothers are often considered the "heart" of the family, and are emotional leaders in the nurturing role. A child's self-esteem can be positive affected by the grandparent's unconditional love and affirmation (216).

3. Historian-They provide a sense of family history and belonging by relating stores. Values and traditions can be passed along to children as a part of their heritage (216).

903. Describe 2 problems faced by grandparents after divorce and/or remarriage (of their grandchildren's parents). (218-219)

1. Parents of the child get divorced or remarry. Who has custody of the child. If a grandparent's divorced child does not retain physical custody of the children, it is often difficult for a grandparent to maintain a relationship with the grandchildren (218)

2. Grandparents themselves get divorced and perhaps remarry. Step grandparents. The parent and the stepparent mediate the relationship between step grandparent and step grandchild. Step grandparents are usually acquired when the step grandchild is older, so there isn't as much time for a relationship to develop. Research shows that the step grandchildren and step grandparent relationship is important (219-220).

904. Describe three ways that grandparents can maintain close relationships with grandchildren who live hundreds or thousands of miles away. (219)

1. Telephone calls-There is great joy in being able to communicate one on one.

2. Letters-It doesn't matter if the letters are short or unexciting because a grandchild knows the love that is being conveyed with every word. A letter can be read and reread.

3. Cassette tapes-Reading stories, singing songs, or just talking familiarizes the grandchild with the grandparent's voice and begins an ongoing conversation of friendship between the generations.

4. Photographs-A way of sharing lives. A grandchild can "see" the grandparent doing various activities, share family history and help nurture the closeness of family members.

5. Videotapes-closest thing to being there in person. Watch Grandma make cookies or explore a favorite place the grandchild enjoyed visiting.

905. Describe three forms of help an elderly parent may need. (224-227)

1. Homemaking-Help with basic tasks of daily living, meal preparation, cleaning and laundry, shopping for needed foods, clothing, and so on (227).

2. Housing-Taking the parent into the child's home or providing all or part of the cost of other living quarters, such as a house, apartment, room, or nursing home(227).

3. Psychological Support-Communication of warmth and affection, sense of caring for the parent's welfare, listening, discussing, and giving advice (227).

Martin & Colbert, Ch. 10

1001. List 3 problems faced by SINGLE PARENTS. (236-241)

role overload, economic difficulties, and lack of social support.(Ana Block).

1002. Describe 3 problems experienced by children whose parents are divorcing. (242-244)

Children might feel angry, guilty, and rejected.(Ana Block).

1003. Describe three ways that divorcing parents should talk to kids about divorce. (242-244)

a)Both parents should inform the kids about the divorce. It will make them feel worst if they hear the news from someone else.

b)Use language that children will understand.

c)Reassure children that they are still loved by both parents. (Ana Block).

1004. Describe two problems faced by NONCUSTODIAL PARENTS. (245)

#1 Contact with the noncustodial parent tends to be social (ball games, movies) instead of instrumental (homework, trust-based conversations)

#2 Noncustodial parent not getting alone with previous spouse. (Robert Heiman)

1005. Describe two problems faced by STEPPARENTS. (250-253)

a)Lack of emotional bond with the child.

b)The child might feel wary about accepting the new stepparent for fear that this will be viewed as disloyalty toward the no custodial parent.(Ana Block).

Martin & Colbert, Ch. 11

1101. Describe three additional stresses on parents of children with disabilities. (261-265)--Matt Faulkner

a) Diagnosis - Diagnosis causes added stress because the diagnosis may be sudden and unexpected. Additional stress is brought on as denial and sadness set in, that their child will not have a normal life. Stress is also added when a parent evaluates their expectations of finding out their child has a disability (Martin & Colbert, p 262).

b) Securing appropriate services causes stress because of the obstacles encountered when securing services for their disabled child. Obstacles include different agencies that offer "therapy, education, respite, and recreational services." Another source of stress comes with having to decide which the best program is for their disable child when professionals disagree (Martin & Colbert, p 262).

c) Transitions between programs causes stress because parents may be comfortable where their child is receiving care and must transfer their child to a different facility due to age, increased learning capability. Parent's concerns are focused around interacting with new caregivers and entering the public school system (Martin & Colbert, p 262-3).

1102. List 2 problems parents of PREMATURE INFANTS face. (270-277)--Matt Faulkner

a) The premature birth is sudden - Since the birth is sudden extended family and friends may not be present at the birth. Parents, particularly mothers don’t cope with the premature birth as well when these people are not present at the event.

b) Uncertainty about the future - Parents can face this problem for months or years after the premature birth of their baby, even after medical problems have been resolved. The feeling that something will go wrong with development is sometimes present. To cope with this, parents should adjust their expectations of the child’s skill development. An example in the text is to use the child's due date as the comparison of where they should be developmentally, instead of their birth date.

1103. List 2 problems faced by parents of CHILDREN WITH MENTAL RETARDATION. (274-276)

a) Parent- child interaction is altered because these children are less responsive

b)Parents may feel like a failure, fell lack of competence, and social isolation. (Ana Block).

1104. Describe one LEARNING DISABILITY. (276-277)--Matt Faulkner

One learning disability is the inability of a child to follow complex tasks. A possible fix to this is to break the problem down into smaller parts. Another remedy may be to keep "a well organized home environment with predictable routines." This can help a child with a memory problem "keep track of chores, clothing, and homework (Martin & Colbert, p 276)."

1105. Describe three issues faced by parents of GIFTED CHILDREN. (277-280)

a) Marital tension (When parents disagree in labeling the child gifted)

b)Parents may feel confused on their role in nurturing the gifted child

c)Parents might feel overwhelmed by the responsibility of helping the child reach his/her potential, and some might even feel guilt and inadequate. (Ana Block)

Martin & Colbert, Ch. 12

1201. What are RISK FACTORS? Give an example. (283)

Risk factors are conditions or circumstances that make healthy development difficult.

An example is poor mental health or substance abuse.(p283)

1202. Describe 3 problems faced by TEEN MOTHERS. (285-287)

a)Economical difficulties

b)Academic failure

c)teen mothers may suddenly cut off from peers and their leisure activities. And they might face difficulties in fitting in among older mothers as well. (Ana Block)

1203. Describe 2 social or government programs for teen mothers. (289-290)--Matt Faulkner

a) Free childcare ? this has been attributed to teens staying in school, continuing their education after high school, and becoming self-supporting Children of teen parents also scored higher on cognitive tests than children of teen parents with no free childcare.

b) Demonstration projects - these projects offer comprehensive services which begin in pregnancy and continue into toddlerhood. Examples of benefits include medical care, home visits, daycare, and periodic development exams. Parents in these programs experienced nurturing relationships with their children. infants were also more likely to succeed in school later in life.

***Lisa G answer- The three social sources for support are family, father, and peers. (p.288)

The two gov't programs are:

1. Free childcare which is a key component of support for teen mothers.(p.290)

2. Another program provided for teen mothers delay subsequent childbearing. The program educates new mothers to discourage them from having another child with in the next few years.(p.290)

1204. Describe two problems faced by children whose parents abuse drugs or alcohol. (291-293)

a) Parents may be unresponsive to the child's needs.

b) Children might be abused. When drunken parents may react aggressively by the child’s cries.

***Lisa G. answer- 2 problems faced by children whose parents abuse drugs and alcohol are:

1. That the child may be at risk because the mother neglects her own health. This is due to lack of nutrition and poor prenatal care. The child could be hurt in utero which can cause prematurely, low birth weight, and symptoms of drug withdrawal.(p.293)

2. Another problem children face is that they may be born with FAS(fetal alcohol syndrome) which can cause mental retardation, facial deformities, and developmental delays.(p.293)

1205. Describe 2 adaptations used by children of parents with disabilities. (294-299)

***Lisa G answer- 2 adaptations used by children of parents with disabilities are:

1. If the infant has a hearing impaired parent they will learn how to use visual cues, not sound(p.298)

2. If a parent has a visual impairment the child will learn to adjust. The child may move towards a spoon to receive food, instead of waiting for the parent to find their mouth. (p.298)

1206. Describe three causes of CHILD MALTREATMENT. (300-304)

1. Stress- unwanted pregnancies and unemployment can contribute to abuse in a family.(p.303)

2. The age of the child- studies have shown that children under three are more at risk because caring for them can be exhausting and they lack the ability to escape parental anger.(p.303)

3. Another cause may be that the parent was abused themselves and they never learned how to form and nurture relationships. Only 30% of abused parents abuse their children.(p.301)

1207. List 4 components of RETHINK. (304)

***Lisa G answer- Rethink is program that the INSTITUTE FOR Mental Health Initiatives created to help control abusive parents anger. This program is built on the acronym RETHINK.(p.304)

R- Recognize when they are angry, when the children are angry or when anger is covering other feelings such as shame, fear, stress or fatigue.

E- Empathize with the person who is making them angry.

T- Think about the same situation in a different way.

H- Hear what the other person is saying.

I- Integrate love and respect with an honest expression of anger.

N- Notice what their bodies feel like when they get angry.

K- Keep attention on the present problem.

Martin & Colbert, Ch. 13 (Matt Faulkner)

1301. What is ROLE OVERLOAD? (310)

Role overload happens when parents take on the role of responsive parent, good worker, loving spouse, and household manager. Having many roles and trying to do them all well can adversely affect one or more of the roles. A bad day in the office can affect relations with loved ones.

1302. Describe 3 ways employers can help parents. (318)

1) Flexible work schedules for parents – rotating hours, shared positions, and part-time work

2) Benefit programs – parental leave, paid leave, child care vouchers

3) Child Care – subsidized child care on on-site child care facilities

1303. Describe three types of CHILDCARE. (319-321)

1) In-Home – typically the most expensive option. This setting offers familiar environments for children and is typically used for parents of infants.

2) Family Day Care – This type of care is at the day care provider’s house and is usually the cheapest method of child care. Disadvantages of this type of care are that it is mostly unregulated. This type of care can be unstable in that the provider may simply stop providing services.

3) Center-Based Care – Typically used for toddlers. These centers are school-like and offer state mandated minimum care standards. They offer larger play spaces and more opportunity for children to interact with other children.

1304. Give three measures of quality DAYCARE. (321-325)

1) The level of caregiver training

2) Low adult-to-child ratio

3) Small group size

1305. Give three options of care for SICK CHILDREN. (322)

1) Alternating care responsibilities for children of dual working parents

2) Having a friend, neighbor, or relative that doesn’t work

3) Available isolation rooms in some daycare facilities

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